India Pakistan Relationships have been deteriorating till now after World War II. The United Kingdom divided the British India into two sovereign nations. The Union of India and Pakistan. Division was on the basis of religion. The displacement of people was approx 15 million, due to this the death toll was estimated A MILLION while migration of Hindu and Muslims in opposite directions across the Radcliffe Line to reach India and Pakistan respectively. In 1950 India emerged as a secular republic with Hindu majority population and Pakistan emerged as an Islamic republic with Muslim Majority. However, both countries claims over princely state with the most significant dispute being that of Jammu and Kashmir. The issue of Jammu and Kashmir was originated (Link Jammu and Kashmir) after the partitioned in August 1947 both the countries have a complex and hostile relationship.
(a) War of 1947.
(b) War of 1965.
(c) War of 1971.
(d) War of Kargil 1999.
The main reason which is cause of the war between the both countries is the Kashmir except of the Indo-Pakistan war of 1971. The India and Pakistan border is one of the most militarised international boundaries in the world. There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship. The Shimla Summit which was occurred in 1972, Lahore Summit which was happened in 1999, Agra Summit in 2001 etc. In addition to these various peace and co-operation have also been initiated.
WARS
India claims the entire British Indian Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir based on an instrument of accession singed by the then ruler Maharaja Hari Singh in 1947. Maharaja Hari Singh was the ruler of Muslim majority princely state Jammu and Kashmir. Earlier he was preferred to remain independent and did not want to join either in India or in Pakistan. For this a standstill agreement was signed by Pakistan. Despite this, tribals of Pakistan backed by Pakistan forces invaded Kashmir. The Maharaja requested military assistance from India. An Instrument of Accession was signed before India could send troops.
War of 1965 took place between April 1965 to September 1965. The main reason for the war is the insurgency which was designed by The Pakistan through Operation Gibraltar. It was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir. India retaliated by launching a full scale military attack on West Pakistan. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II. The war was ended after mediation of United Nations through the ceasefire agreement.
War of 1971 was for the purpose of liberation of Bangladesh from the Pakistan. Since independence Pakistan was divided into two major regions i.e. West Pakistan and East Pakistan. East Pakistan was with the majority of Bengali People. In December 1971 a political crisis was erupted in East Pakistan due to the Pakistani Military operation and a genocide of Bengalis. The situation was not under control in East Pakistan and India intervened in favour of the rebelling Bengali people. The conflict was like a war resulted independence of East Pakistan. In the war Indian Army invaded East Pakistan from three sides, while the Indian Navy used the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant to impose a naval blockade of East Pakistan. 93,000 Pakistani Military personnel surrendered to the Indian Army and the Mukti Vahini. After the surrender of Pakistani forces, East Pakistan became the independent nation of Bangladesh.
Kargil is situated in Himalayas at a distance of 215 km from Srinagar and remains isolated from the rest of India. It remains isolated from the rest of the India for nearly seven months in a year. There is only one pass i.e. Zojila pass which is connecting with the rest of India. Strategically, it is very important as Pakistan is very close to it and the national highway is under direct vigil of enemy which is the lifeline of Siachen.
In May 1999 some Kashmiri shepherds discovered the presence of militants and non-uniformed Pakistani soldiers (many with official identifications) in the Kashmir Valley. They had taken control of border hilltops and unmanned border posts. Finally, Operation Vijay was launched by the Indian Armed Forces on 26 May 1999 to eliminate the Pakistani from the Kargil. Over 500 Indian soldiers were killed in the three-month-long Kargil War, and it is estimated around 600–4,000 Pakistani militants and soldiers died as well. India pushed back the Pakistani militants and Northern Light Infantry soldiers. Almost 70% of the territory was recaptured by India. After Pakistan suffered heavy losses, and with both the United States and China refusing to condone the incursion or threaten India to stop its military operations. The militants were killed by the Indian army or forced to withdraw in skirmishes which continued even after the announcement of withdrawal by Pakistan.
As I earlier mentioned that the Jammu and Kashmir issue was originated after the just Kashmir included as an important part of India. After signing on the instrument of accession by the then ruler Maharaja Hari Singh.
The Indus Waters Treaty governs the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan. The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan. The treaty was negotiated by the World Bank, to use the water available in the Indus River. It was signed in Karachi on 19 September 1960 by Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani president Ayub Khan.
The India–Pakistan border is the International Boundary that separates the nations of the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. At its northern end there is the Line of Control, which separates Indian administered Kashmir from Pakistani administered Kashmir.
(a) List of some Insurgent Attacks Pahalgam Terrorist Attack Analysis.
(b) The Attack on the Indian Parliament carried out allegedly by Pakistan terrorists.
(c) Hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight IC 814 while coming from Kathmandu (Nepal) to Delhi on 24 December 1999. This was the Hijacking in which Maulana Masood Azhar got out of the Indian Captivity.
one near the Gateway of India and the other at the famous Zaveri Bazaar, killing at least 48 and injuring 150 people.
(e) Samjhauta Express bombings in 2007 were a terrorist attack targeted on the Samjhauta Express train on 18 February. The Samjhauta Express is an international train that runs from New Delhi, India to Lahore, Pakistan, and is one of two trains to cross the India–Pakistan border. At least 68 people were killed, mostly Pakistani civilians but also some Indian security personnel and civilians.
(f) 2008 Mumbai attacks by ten Pakistani terrorists killed over 173 and wounded 308. The sole surviving gunman Ajmal Kasab who was arrested during the attacks was found to be a Pakistani national. This fact was acknowledged by Pakistani authorities.
On April 22, 2025, at Pahalgam the deaths of 26 civilians, including 25 Indian tourists and one Nepali national.
In response to escalating tensions, India has suspended the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960. Additionally, India has imposed visa and diplomatic restrictions, halting visa services for Pakistani nationals and expelling several Pakistani diplomats. As part of broader punitive measures, the Attari–Wagah border has been closed, effectively cutting off overland trade and further straining bilateral ties. Director general of military operations Lt Gen Rajiv Ghai stated that 35-40 Pakistani military personnel were killed in the combat operations. “Pakistan will have to pay a very heavy price if it resorts to any more misadventure,” said Lt Gen Ghai, adding that India had achieved its desired objective.
(a) Bahawalpur: About 100 km from the International Border, this is the main headquarters of Jaish-e-Mohammad.
(b) Muridke: Located 30 km from the border opposite Samba, it’s a well-known Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) training Centre.
(c) Gulpur: Situated 35 km from the Line of Control (LoC) in the Poonch-Rajouri region.
(d) Sawai Camp: An LeT camp located 30 km inside PoK, in the Tangdhar Sector.
(e) Bilal Camp: A crucial JeM launchpad, used for planning terror activities.
(f) Kotli Camp: An LeT base only 15 km from the LoC, opposite the Rajouri area.
(g) Barnala Camp: Just 10 km from the LoC, this base is also located opposite Rajouri.
(h) Sarjal Camp: A JeM camp just 8 km from the International Border near Samba-Kathua.
(j) Mehmoona Camp: Located 15 km from the International Border near Sialkot, this is a known Hizbul Mujahiddin.
This post was published on May 12, 2025 11:22 pm
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